Bend Test: To evaluate the ductility, bend strength, fracture resistance, and soundness of the material.

• In a Bend test, the specimen is bent to a specific angle or inside radius by applying a force in the middle of it.
• After the test is completed, the specimen is examined for defects that may have opened up on the tension face.
• A defect over 3 mm in length is regarded as a cause of rejection.

Tensile Test: To determine properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strength.

• A standard-sized specimen is gripped in a tensile testing machine.
• Load is applied gradually until the specimen fractures.
• Stress-strain characteristics are recorded, providing a graph for analysis.

Impact Test: To assess material toughness, impact strength, and fracture resistance under sudden shock loading.

• A pendulum is used to strike the specimen, and the energy absorbed before fracture is measured.
• Energy absorbed during the impact is calculated, reflecting the material's resistance to sudden fracture.

Steel A (Modern Practice):

Meets modern specifications with controlled carbon content, higher manganese and silicon levels, and reduced nitrogen impurities. It is more resistant to brittle fracture.

Steel B (1940s Tanker):

High carbon and nitrogen levels make it prone to brittle fracture, contributing to catastrophic failures like the splitting of ships.