According to the Coast Guard Pollution Prevention Regulations (33 CFR), no person may transfer oil to or from a vessel unless __________.

Correct Answer: Option D — all of the above

33 CFR 156.120 requires that all scuppers and drains be closed, unused transfer lines be blanked, and containment be in place before commencing oil transfers. These redundant safety measures are designed to contain potential leaks at the source, preventing oil from entering the water or spreading across the deck.