What mode of heat transfer is associated with the transport of thermal energy through a transparent medium by means of electro-magnetic energy in the infrared spectrum?

Correct Answer: Option C — Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy via electromagnetic waves, specifically in the infrared spectrum. Unlike conduction or convection, radiation does not require a physical medium to propagate. This principle is critical when calculating heat loss from high-temperature machinery surfaces, such as uninsulated exhaust manifolds or boiler casings.